


As syphilis primarily presented visually on the surface of the skin, its study fell within the realms of both dermatologists and venereologists, who relied heavily on visual evidence in their detection, diagnosis, and treatment of the disease. In early twentieth-century France, syphilis and its controversial status as a hereditary disease reigned as a chief concern for physicians and public health officials. Finally, I would like to thank Professor William Bynum and the William Bynum Essay Prize Awarding Committee for their recognition and support, and for providing the opportunity to continue developing this research. I would also like to thank the archivists and librarians at the Wellcome Collection, the Archives AP – HP, the Dittrick Museum of Medical History, and the Musée des moulages and Bibliothèque Henri Feulard at the hôpital Saint-Louis, especially Sylvie Dorison and Marie Barthélemy, for sharing their knowledge and for their unflagging collegiality. Andrés Zervigón, Susan Sidlauskas, Kaitlin Booher, and Kimiko Matsumura all reviewed portions of the manuscript at various stages of production, and I thank them for their sharp insights. It was also due to the generosity of a bursary from the Society for the Social History of Medicine that I was able to share my work with the History of Dermatology Society, and I owe the SSHM my gratitude for enabling me to attend what became an incredibly formative conference. An early version of the paper was also shared with the History of Dermatology Society, and I thank members of the society, especially Mark Valentine, Lawrence Parish, and Daniel Wallach, for their interest in the project.

Research for this paper was first presented at the conference ‘Envisioning Science’, organised by the Natura Science and Epistemology Working Group at Rutgers University I thank the organisers and attendees alike for their questions, comments and feedback. I owe many people a debt of gratitude for their contributions to this paper.
